LALA Land

She was telling him to restrain his dog and he was doing a balancing act trying not to spill the vodka out of his bottle.

* * * * * 

We'll assume the following scenario:

• A police officer attempts to arrest a suspect for public intoxication and is attacked by the suspect's dog. The officer shoots the dog.
• The dog recovers and there is a court hearing. 
• Adam Laflin, the owner of the dog, accepts county mediation, and the dog is returned to him.
• Under terms of the agreement the dog, a pit bull, is declared a "Potentially dangerous animal" (a lower designation than either a "Dangerous animal" or "Vicious animal"). The agreement was set to expire next month.
• The police have "repeated run-ins" with the dog and its owner and have pepper-sprayed the dog on more than one occasion. Terms of the agreement are apparently ignored.
• Three years after the original encounter, the police are called to remove a suspect from a local little-league game for public intoxication.
• The same dog again attacks an officer, as well as injuring a parent who comes to her assistance.
• Additional police and humane society officers arrive and restrain the dog.
• The dog is currently under a 10-day bite quarantine.

This is a sublimely ridiculous scenario, but it is, in fact, not hypothetical. The pit bull advocates who argue vehemently for Dangerous Dog Laws (DDL) as opposed to Breed Specific Legislation (BSL) can take satisfaction in knowing that the laws work better than they could have hoped.

In our view, the purpose of DDL is to slow the legal process down to an interminable crawl, adding layers of court hearings, pleadings, appeals, record keeping, and bureaucratic categories: anything to keep the process grinding along in a Kafkaesque charade. The dog will in all probability be returned to the comfort and safety of his home again.

"Sadly, it is the guardian who has subjected the dog to these unpleasant situations and it is the guardian who is ultimately responsible for the dog and his actions," said spokesman John Reese of the Marin Humane Society.

John, you're in LaLa Land. This was an "unpleasant" situation for the officer and the Little League parents, more so than for the dog, who apparently relishes attacking police officers. And as far as who was responsible: it was the dog who was chewing on the cops.

* * * * *

Sources:
Pit bull attacks Fairfax cop and Little League Parent
Pit bull attacks officer, parent in Fairfax

Related Post: Dangerous Dog Laws

See Also: Today's pit bull attacks in the US

Florida: II

* * * * * *

On January 25th, 2011, State Representative Louis R. Garcia, Jr, filed House Bill 4075. It was rolled into Senate Bill 722 and on June 21st, 2011 it was signed into law by the Governor. The bill removed the Dangerous Dog designation from dogs removed from dogfighting operations, and allows them to be adopted out by rescues, humane societies, and animal shelters.

Also in January 2011, newly elected Chip LaMarca took his seat as a Broward County Commissioner. He had won with the support of pit bull advocacy groups and rewarded his supporters by quickly pushing through dog legislation. His new legislation allows violent dogs which kill our MVAC to return to the safety and comfort of their homes.

The press release from Representative Garcia's office reports that the legislation was  ". . .  supported by Best Friends Animal Society, a national companion animal rescue and advocacy group."  It goes on to quote Ledy Vankavage, the senior legislative attorney for Best Friends. Vankavage, as well as other local pit bull advocacy groups such as NCNMHP, continue to lobby against existing laws which protect the public safety.

In the calendar year that began in January 2011, when Garcia submitted his bill and LaMarca took his seat, there were at least 17 attacks on humans by pit bulls in Florida. Nine of the victims were children, eight victims were adults. One pit bull attack was a canine homicide, resulting in the dismemberment and death of Ray McSweeney. There were fourteen disfigurements, all by pit bulls or close mixes.* This does not count the untold attacks, many of which resulted in death, on our More Vulnerable Animal Companions.



* * * * *

Related posts: Lake Mary; Lake Mary II; Broward County; Florida Dog Laws

Statistics are from Dog Attack Deaths & Maimings (January 2012), published by Animal People.

Sources: Press Release Jan 25, 2011

Google News: Today's pit bull attacks

Florida Dog Laws

Correction:  Tuesday 2/28 13.59 *

* * * * * *

Ken Keechl was serving as Mayor of the Broward County Commissioners in 2008 when the County passed tough new dog legislation. During the next two years a total of 5,828 dogs were euthanized in Broward County for various reasons. Only 56 of those dogs (fewer than 1%) were euthanized under provisions of the new law, the majority of which were pit bulls and Rottweilers that had attacked children and family pets.

During the 2010 campaign Keechl faced stiff opposition from Chip LaMarca. The dog laws that Keechl ushered into law became a  campaign issue and LaMarca promised to revoke them. This earned him the enthusiastic support of pit bull advocacy groups, and in November 2010 LaMarca defeated Keechl. In January 2011 LaMarca pushed through a revision of the dog ordinance which removed the existing provisions and replaced them with softer Dangerous Dog Laws. Under LaMarca's new law, dogs can attack a human, or kill a pet, and return to the safety of their home.

This, of course, is exactly the point! -- It's exactly what the heavily-financed and highly sophisticated pit bull lobby is working for. Across the country, pit bull advocacy groups are lobbying cities, counties, and states to roll back protections and to write laws which will allow dogs that kill to return home. As a result, incidents like the recent attack in Lake Mary (see links below), or the attack which resulted in the death of Roy McSweeney near Hawthorne, by pit bulls which were known to be dangerous, will continue with numbing frequency in Florida.


* * * * *

Related posts: Lake Mary; Lake Mary II; Gameness VIII

Related Post: Pit bulls that maul Hawthorne man involved in other attacks, police say

Related Posts: Dangerous Dog Laws

Google News: Today's pit bull attacks


Correction: SRUV received the following email from Chip LaMarca:

Sir,
I would like to offer my comments [about] the new ordinance that was revised in 2010.  The ordinance does not allow an attack on a human being.  The changes were specifically intended to deal with the issue of altercations or attacks between two animals.  I appreciate your communication and look forward to any questions that you might have.

Best regards,
Chip LaMarca

Gameness: VIII

I shot him like three or four times in the side and once in the head. . . .   The dog did let go and looked up, for just a moment. Then he lunged again.

* * * * *

Deerfield Beach, October 5th, 2011

Thirteen year old Tayla Johnson was trying to put her black-and-white pit bull in the bathroom when it began "acting strange," jumping around and biting her arms and face. 

Her brother and her cousin returned from the store and became concerned when Tayla didn't open the door for them. Her brother looked in a bedroom window and saw the dog locked onto Tayla's face.

The two young men got into the house and tried to stop the attack by hitting the dog with keys and a broomstick, but the dog wouldn't let go. They then ran for help.

Two neighbors came with baseball bats. "We had bats and we were beating on the dog and the dog wouldn't let go," said Winfred Davenport.

They realized any help was going to be up to neighbor LaJayron Negrin, who had come into the house with his 9mm P95 Ruger. "I shot him like three or four times in the side and once in the head," said Negrin, who has a concealed weapons permit.

The dog did let go and looked up, for just a moment. Then he lunged again. " . . . that's when I had to put it down," shooting it in the head at an angle to avoid hitting Tayla. Aiming wasn't easy, Negrin said; the dog was still clamped on the girl's face.

"The dog was locked onto this child and wouldn't let go,"  said Broward Sheriff District Chief Pete Sudler. "He wanted to kill her," Negrin said.


* * * * *


Source: Sun Sentinel

Related Posts: Dangerous Dog Laws

Google News: Today's pit bull attacks

Lake Mary: II

Florida statutes require that the animal 
be involved  in more than one attack
 before we can deem the dog dangerous.
Morgan Woodward, Seminole County Animal Services

* * * * * *

Mr Woodward's explanation was offered after the attack described in the previous post. The attack by three pit bulls resulted in the death of a Bedlington Terrier named Chewy, in her own front yard. This attack followed eight complaints to Animal Control against the pit bulls in the previous half year.

It appears that the Florida lawmakers did not anticipate situations like this when they passed Dangerous Dog Laws (DDL) allowing dogs "one free kill," as the phrase prosaically puts it.

This means that the injured parties must seek recourse through the courts, if any is to be found. The steps that the injured party could pursue, based on similar successful cases across the country, might include:

• Discover the provenance of the three pit bulls. Were they adopted from a shelter or rescue? If so, that shelter might bear liability for the attack for adopting out a dangerous dog.
• Did Seminole County make contact with the owner of the pit bulls, Kathy Hammond, following any of the eight complaints? What was the resolution of that contact? Were any citations issued?
• Did the Hammonds adopt the pit bulls from Seminole County Animal Services? And if this is the case, could this be the reason that SCAS has not issued citations after eight complaints?
• How did the owner of the pit bulls come to have three pit bulls? Is she an irresponsible hoarder? Are the Hammonds backyard breeders? Were the dogs registered and in compliance with immunization requirements? Were the dogs neutered? None of these questions were answered in the initial news coverage.
• Get a good attorney. Do your research and be sure that the attorney has NOT previously worked on behalf of pit bull owners.
• In the case of Chewy, the owners could reasonably claim that the county failed to protect them, and therefore also bears liability.

Florida state laws limit the ability of Animal Services to protect our more vulnerable animal companions and the public from pit bulls. But eight complaints? Surely after eight complaints Seminole County Animal Services should have recognized that these dogs posed a danger to the community?

* * * * *

Previous post: Lake Mary

Sources: WESH.com Orlando, WKMG 6

Related Posts: Dangerous Dog Laws

Google News: Today's pit bull attacks

Lake Mary

Ken Foster Kara Holmquist Ledy VanKavage Wayne Pacelle BSL breed specific pit bull attack nanny dog America's dog

There's a lady out here. She's being attacked

by a bunch of dogs. She's screaming. There's blood.

WESH.com

* * * * * *

Revised: Jan 4, 2013; 19:51 GMT

That would not be a pack of Golden Retrievers attacking her.

Chewy, a Bedlington Terrier, was attacked in her front yard in Seminole County, Florida by three pit bulls on January 11th. The owner of the pit bulls, Kathy Hammond, was unable to stop the attack and screamed for help.

The responding officer hit the dogs with a baton, to no avail. The officer then shot two of the dogs in self defense. Chewy died later that day in the arms of her owner.

* * * * *

Attacks such as this are so common that they barely deserve notice. But details of the case illustrate how many communities fail to protect our more vulnerable animal companions and our communities.

Chewy lived with her family, the Brabbs, in an upper middle-class neighborhood in Lake Mary. The owner of the pit bulls, Kathy Hammond, lives across the street at 456 Gehr Lane. Neighbors in the community have lodged eight complaints with Animal Control since June: that's roughly a complaint a month for over half a year.

According to Seminole County Animal Services, Hammond may be issued a citation as a result of the attack, perhaps for allowing her three pit bulls to run loose.

Even now, the surviving dog cannot be declared vicious.

"Florida statutes require that the animal be involved in more than one attack before we can deem the dog dangerous," said Morgan Woodward of Seminole County Animal Services.

A pit bull which has had eight complaints lodged against it, and which then participates in a killing, is not thought to be dangerous?

* * * * * 

We have all heard the phrase certain truths are self-evident.

The horror of this attack lies not only in the attack itself (and the death of Chewy), but in the legislation that protects dogs which kill, and then returns those dogs to the safety and comfort of their homes.

Pit Bull advocacy groups lobby forcefully against Breed Specific Legislation (BSL),  and lobby instead for Dangerous Dog Legislation (DDL) like that of Seminole County. Not only do they lobby against BSL; they offer to assist communities in crafting DDL legislation which would protect Chewy's killer. And too many communities have accepted their help.

This madness is equivalent to allowing, or rather inviting, Enron or Halliburton to help craft the country's energy policy.

* * * * *

Sources: WESH.com Orlando, WKMG 6

Google News: Today's pit bull attacks

Trigger

Revised: July 1, 2013; 14:32 GMT

The owner of the pit bulls can certainly reclaim these animals . . . 

* * * * * 

The owner referred to is Melissa Andrews. Andrews is charged with one count of failure to vaccinate and two counts of animal at large, all misdemeanors. She had been keeping her two pit bulls in her basement.

The two dogs had been quarantined at Forsyth County Animal Shelter after entering a pasture at 3620 Watson Road, Cumming, Georgia on October 11 and attacking Trigger, an American Paint horse.

"When deputies responded to the location one of the dogs was still attached to the horse’s mouth … just literally hanging on," said Forsyth County Sheriff’s Lt. David Waters.

Veterinarian Dr. Lanier Orr was called to the pasture and attempted to close the wounds and stem the extensive bleeding. Trigger suffered for six hours as Dr Orr provided emergency care in the pouring rain, before succumbing to her wounds.

New Dangerous Dog Laws were recently passed in the county, which require owners of Dangerous Dogs to obtain a $50,000 surety bond for each dog as well as build a fenced-in area with concrete floors and a top to prevent them from digging or climbing out. But Dangerous Dog Laws do not effectively remove dangerous dogs from a community.

"The owner of the pit bulls can certainly reclaim these animals. . . " said Lt. Waters.

Laws which allow an irresponsible owner to reclaim pit bulls after having killed a horse do not protect the community. They do not protect humans nor do they protect our more vulnerable animal companions such as Trigger.

Yet advocates of pit bulls and other fighting breeds are strong proponents of laws which return these dogs to the safety and comfort of their homes, even after filling a horse, and leave the victims with no recourse.


* * * * *

Source: Appen Newspapers, Forsyth News

John Paul Massey

Revised:   Oct 3, 23:21

* * * * * * *

It's difficult to draw meaningful lessons from the short  life of John Paul Massey. But the enormity of this tragedy is too poignant to ignore.

At the inquest into the toddler's death the Liverpool coroner, Andre Rebello, said that Helen Foulkes had fought "heroically" to save the four-year old. Helen Foulkes is John Paul's grandmother. Angela McGlynn, John Paul's mother, also referred to her mother as a hero.

But with further reading this picture of heroism becomes clouded. Is it possible for the person who creates a dangerous environment for a child, to be considered a hero when the child is killed? Uno, the pit bull that killed John Paul, was owned by Christian Foulkes, John Paul's uncle. Uno and a second pit bull lived in the house with Helen Foulkes, John Paul's grandmother, where the murder occurred.

Christian Foulkes was later jailed for possessing and breeding pit bulls. The grandmother received a suspended sentence for possession of the pit bulls.

This disorienting mashup of circumstance, irresponsibility, and cloying sentimentality is enough to make a reader turn away in despair, but there is more. Britain, where the crime occurred, is a country with loosely enforced (or unenforced) Dangerous Dog Laws (DDL).  The police had been informed of dangerous dogs being bred at the house and had failed to respond.

At the inquest Mr Rebello said:

After death Uno was classified as a dangerous dog within the meaning of the Dangerous Dogs Acts of 1991. Whether Uno would have been present if the police had investigated is speculative and unknown.

An expert dog handler also spoke at the court hearing to claim that Uno may have been trying to move up in the family hierarchy.

Has nature turned? What is the natural order, when a dog expert speculates on Uno's motives for murdering a child, but we aren't to speculate on how that child's death might have been prevented?

Is it useless to speculate on what might have happened if the police had investigated? Should we not wonder what might have happened if the dogs had been removed? Should we not wonder about the miserable lives of Christian and Helen Foulkes, who would keep and breed pit bulls in the same house frequented by a young toddler?

The Foulkes flagrantly endangered the life of John Paul, their son, nephew, and grandson. It's  evident that the Dangerous Dog Laws did nothing to protect John Paul, with tragic results.

* * * * * *

See Also: BSL Scholarship, Dangerous Dog Laws
Source: Liverpool Echo

Ax3 Redux

The APDT is fully aware that any dog can bite,
 any dog can maim, and any dog can kill.

* * * * *

Readers of  SRUV will recall Michael Linke's memorable phrase Any dog is capable of any act, at any point in time. We thought Mr Linke's phrase so excessively . . . grandiose, that we've given it a kicky shortcut, Ax3.

Now SRUV has learned that the Association of Pet Dog Trainers (APDT) has coined a phrase that also employs the triple repetition of the Any meme. The APDT claim that  Any dog can bite, any dog can maim, and any dog can kill is, if anything, even more deluded than Linke's statement.

What is it with pit bull advocates and the adjective Any?

And what is it with the ritualized, prayer-like phrases that are meant to convey that there are no differences between breeds?

While Linke's phrase is simply silly, the APDT version is dark, ominous. It speaks to us only of mayhem. Should we fear all of our animal companions? Linke's phrase, a hyperbolic elaboration of the long-time favorite All Dogs Bite, implies that pit bulls are no more dangerous than chihuahuas, which experience tells us is false. The APDT construction, on the other hand, inverts logic by implying that chihuahuas are every bit as dangerous as pit bulls, that they can maim and kill just as readily as a pit bull. The phrase strikes fear into our hearts, regardless of the intention.

With this statement the APDT has, perhaps without fully realizing it, acknowledged how dangerous pit bulls are.

Here is the full passage:

The APDT is fully aware that any dog can bite, any dog can maim, and any dog can kill. A dangerous or vicious dog is a product of a combination of individual genetics, upbringing, socialization, and lack of proper training. The solution to preventing dog bites is education of owners, breeder, and the general public about aggression prevention, not legislation directed at certain breeds.

The APDT has strained to construct an argument against BSL and in so doing has defied reason and ignored their own words. They understand that dogs are a product of, in part, their genetics, but in the next sentence the APDT assigns all responsibility for aggression to the owners, breeders, and the general public.

By this logic, the victim of a pit bull attack (presumably a member of the general public) is responsible for his own injury.


* * * * *

Statistics:
Statistics quoted on SRUV are from the nation's authoritative source for current dog attack statistics, the 32+ year, continuously updated Dog attack deaths and maimings, U.S. & Canada.
View or download the current PDF

Record 33 fatal pit bull attacks & 459 disfigurements in 2015

Pit bulls killed 24,000 other dogs & 13,000 cats in 2015

2015 Dog Bite Related Fatalities (Daxton's Friends)

Fatal Pit Bull Attacks

Today's pit bull attacks

Definitions:
SRUV uses the definition of "pit bull" as found in the Omaha Municipal Code Section 6-163. As pit bulls are increasingly crossed with exotic mastiffs, Catahoula Leopard Dogs and other breeds, the vernacular definition of "pit bull" must be made even more inclusive.

Sources cited by news media sometimes refer to "Animal Advocates" or sometimes "Experts." In many cases these words are used to refer to single-purpose pit bull advocates who have never advocated for any other breeds or species of animals. Media would be more accurate to refer to these pit bull advocates as advocates of fighting breeds.

Similarly, in many cases pit bull advocates refer to themselves as "dog lovers" or "canine advocates" and media often accepts this usage. The majority of these pit bull advocates are single-purpose advocates of fighting breeds.


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BSL Scholarship

Our collective attitude toward our animal companions began to change with the publication of Peter Singer's Animal Liberation in 1975. The Animal Legal Defense Fund was founded in 1979 and animal law courses are currently taught in over a hundred law schools in the US.

SRUV recently reviewed the scholarship related to Breed Specific Legislation (BSL); we've included a brief bibliography below and more titles can be viewed here and in the relevant scholarly and legal databases.

* * * * * 

Attacking the Dog-Bite Epidemic: Why Breed-Specific Legislation Won't Solve the Dangerous-Dog Dilemma; Hussain, Safia Gray. 74 Fordham Law Review 2847

Canine Profiling: Does Breed-Specific Legislation Take a Bite out of Canine Crime; Pratt, Heather K. 108 Penn State Law Review 855

Dangerous Dog Laws: Failing to Give Man's Best Friend a Fair Shake at Justice; McNeely, Cynthis A.; Linquist, Sarah A. 3 J. Animal L. 99

Panic Policy Making: Canine Breed Bans in Canada and the United States; Hunter, Susan; Brisbin, Richard A. Prepared for delivery at the 2007 Annual Meeting of the Western Political Science Association.

Dog Bite Injury: an investigation into the effectiveness of regulation, Watson, Linda (Thesis)

Pit Bull Bans and the Human Factors Affecting Canine Behavior; Medlin, Jamey; 56 Depaul Law Review, 1285

* * * * * *

SRUV will not characterize all animal law scholarship, but a look at one paper is illuminating. The following paragraph serves as the opening of Irrationality Unleashed: The Pitfalls of Breed-Specific Legislation (Swann, Kristen E.  78 UMKC L. Rev. 839). The Introduction is titled A Tale of Two "Pitties" and begins:

A young woman struggles with an overfull trash bag in a chilly, hissing rain. Hefting the bag into the trash bin behind her apartment building, she hears weak but insistent mewling. Seven impossibly tiny puppies huddle in the wet detritus behind the container. The woman whistles several times to summon the pups' mother. No dog appears. The listless dogs cannot survive in the damp cold. She retrieves a basket lined with towels from her apartment and . . . . 

This three-hankie tear-jerker qualified for the Law Review?

* * * * * *

What is immediately apparent is the mind-numbing tedium of so much of the research on this subject.  It is almost as if the scholars are repeating the same ideas to one another, over and over. This selection of titles, and the excerpt above, do not inspire confidence in current animal law scholarship.

* * * * * *

Related Material:
Related post: Dangerous Dog Laws, DDL
See also: Bioethics (Wikipedia)

Overview of "breed specific" laws, Kenneth Phillips, Dog Bite Law

Statistics:
Statistics on SRUV are from the 30+ year, continuously updated Dog attack deaths and maimings, U.S. & Canada, published by Animal People. To view or download the current PDF click here. This page may also include information from Dogsbite and Fatal Pit Bull Attacks.

Information on euthanasia rates is from Pit bulls and Political Recklessness, by Merritt Clifton. Shelter  intake and euthanasia rates are published annually in the July/August edition of Animal People.

Google News: Today's pit bull attacks






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DDL

SRUV recently initiated a series of posts on Dangerous Dog Laws (DDL) with this post. The comments to the post are worthy of note, and are posted below for those who may have missed them.

* * * * * 

Dorothea Malm said...

This is a great series to undertake! DDL have become more prevalent recently, and it seems to be working for all types of dogs excepting gripping/fighting breeds.

The fact that DDLs don't address egregious kinds of attacks like the one described here - launching out of a car to disembowel - clearly shows they can address normal dogs, but not gripping/fighting dogs.

August 31, 2011 8:13 PM 

Janelle Jerman said...

Thank you for undertaking this series. I am so saddened and disgusted by the city of Arvada's response to the attack on my Uno. The deputy chief of police told me that animal control could have removed the pit bull who killed Uno after the attack on Kim Greene's dog, but left it up to the discretion of the animal control officer in charge of her case. This is in spite of a THREE YEAR history of complaints and citations (including TWO dangerous and vicious dog citations and a court appearance) over this animal! If the laws that are already in place aren't even enforced with consistency or common sense then how can we keep our companion animals safe? How can a community remain safe from preventable attacks such as this? DDL NEED to have specificity to prevent tragedies like ours from happening again.

September 4, 2011 12:13 PM 

* * * * * * * 

Related post: Repeat Offender

Repeat Offender

This post is part of an ongoing series which illustrates how Dangerous Dog Laws (DDL) have failed to protect our animal companions and to protect public safety.

* * * * * * *

July 22, 2011:  Robert Delorasa is cited with dog at large and no license for Deuce, a brown and white pit bull, and one other pit bull.

August 5, 2011:  Deuce escapes his backyard and attacks a small beagle, who survives with wounds to the face, ear, and legs. Delarosa is cited for nuisance animal and dog at large.

August 9, 2011:  Deuce attacks 12-year old Atticus, as he is walking with his owner. Deuce placed on home quarantine.

August 10, 2011:  Deuce placed on quarantine at Weld County Humane Society; Delarosa cited for animal at large and vicious animal.

August 21, 2011:  Deuce released to Delarosa, pending municipal court.

August ??, 2011:  Delarosa moves to a new address.

Aug 29, 2011: Deuce jumps a fence into a backyard, then hurdles a second fence into the dog run of Chief, a six-year old German Shepherd. Chief sustained wounds to his chest, front legs, and rear thigh before Chief's owner shoots Deuce.

Evans Municipal Code, Chap 6.04, Section 180 (Vicious Animals)

* * * * * *

Related post: Dangerous Dog Laws
Source: NOCO5.com

Dangerous Dog Laws

This post is outdated and has been deprecated.
Links may be vaporlinks.

* * * * *

Janelle Jerman was walking her 2-year-old Yorkie on August 22nd near 62nd Place and Yukon Court, when two pit bulls jumped out of a car window and attacked.

They grabbed Uno and disemboweled him right in front of me.

Three weeks earlier the same pit bull that killed Uno attacked Kimberly Green's West Highland Terrier, Chloe. The owners of the pit bull were also issued a summons last year for having a vicious dog.

Arvada police spokeswoman Susan Medina said that if it's not a person who was attacked, police don't automatically remove dogs.

* * * * *

City of Arvada comment on Breed Bans
City of Arvada Animal Rules and Regulations
Arvada Municipal Code, Chapter 14, Sec 51 (Dangerous Animals)

ABC 7 News, Arvada, CO